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When Avatar was released in December of 2009, it was the most expensive movie ever made, in total budget and total storage costs. The VFX team needed over 1 petabyte (PB) of storage to complete the film-which out of a 162m runtime, was 60% CGI-and it wasn't even shot in 4K. Five years later, in 2014 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 more than doubled that and generated roughly 2.4PB during the process of scanning 1.5 million feet of 35mm film to 4K.
Today, it's relatively common for a feature production to surpass the 1PB mark, and even boutique production companies and corporate video teams are buying hundreds of terabytes worth of media storage. When almost all of the popular DSLR cameras and even cell phones are capable of shooting 4K, it's no surprise that we see it in video workflows outside of film and TV. Even if you're not working on a blockbuster with a $300m budget, the growing prevalence of 4K, HDR, HFR, and other in-demand formats is being felt everywhere, especially on storage. That's why it's more important than ever to consider your workflow and infrastructure carefully so that you can get the most out of your 4K shared storage investment.
Choosing Your FlavorIn any modern post-production workflow, shared storage is paramount. Having a centralized storage system enables teams to share and collaborate more effectively, create content faster, stay organized, and really utilize their media. With the high data rates common in 4K production, storage may be the most critical part of a 4K workflow, especially if you're storing the raw camera masters and editing codecs. 4K media comes in a lot of different shapes and sizes, and depending on your delivery requirements, that can mean working with files that have bandwidth requirements ranging from 100 megabits per second to well over 1 gigabyte per second! With 4K media, you not only have to consider the demands on your network, but also the load on workstations. These variables can make it challenging to figure out how to set up your 4K post-production workflow.
For many people, the goal is to capture the best possible image, with the highest quality files, which means files that retain the most information and give the most flexibility in post-production. That means less compression, higher resolutions, and more bit-depth. In a perfect world, that means we're always recording uncompressed 4K-or even better-8K. But some trade-offs need to be made, for example, if your project requires extensive VFX or graphics compositing, you'll probably want to use an uncompressed image sequence, or high bit-depth codec that has no chroma subsampling, and an alpha channel. But you'll need a powerful workstation and high-performance shared storage to support it. In this case, you'll probably also want to create more compressed (intermediary) files for editorial.
If you aren't working on a VFX-heavy project, your best bet for a native 4K workflow might be to work only with a compressed codec like ProRes 422 (which has a data rate of 500Mb/s) or even ProRes 422 Proxy, which only requires 155Mb per second.
Codec (4K)Frame rateData rate (MB/s)Storage Requirement (GB/Hour)
ARRIRAW 24 448MB/s 1.6TB
CinemaDNG 24 304MB/s 1.1TB
ProRes 4444 XQ 24 234MB/s 845GB
Sony 16-bit RAW 24 230MB/s 828GB
DNxHR 444 24 181MB/s 655GB
ProRes 4444 24 155MB/s 556GB
Blackmagic RAW 3:1 24 135MB/s 486GB
DNxHR HQ 24 91MB/s 327GB
REDCODE 4:1 24 71MB/s 256GB
ProRes RAW 24 70MB/s 252GB
REDCODE 6:1 24 48MB/s 171GB
XAVC-4K 24 30MB/s 108GB
Network Speeds vs. ThroughputThe most common network connection is 1Gb Ethernet. Theoretically, 1Gb Ethernet can provide a maximum of 125MB/s to a single workstation. But that doesn't mean you can just connect to a NAS and start editing 6 or 7 streams of 4K ProRes 422 Proxy. Instead, the read/write performance of the server, the networking stack, congestion, and many other factors are just as crucial to your final throughput. With the right shared storage server, you can edit multiple streams of compressed 4K over a standard Ethernet network-but for higher throughput requirements, like with multicam 4K ProRes RAW or ProRes 4444, you'll need 10Gb Ethernet to do the trick. For image sequences, uncompressed media, or high frame rate and high bit depth formats, you can configure network storage with 25Gb, 50Gb, and even 100Gb Ethernet. But using higher bandwidth connections doesn't always achieve higher throughput-there are frequently other bottlenecks in the chain that must first be overcome.
On average, one hour of HD footage (ProRes 422) requires approximately 51GB of storage; or roughly 850MB per minute. 4K, on the other hand, requires close to 226GB of storage-almost 4GB per minute. That's a pretty significant jump, but the good news is, storage is becoming more affordable every year, and HDD manufacturers continue to release larger capacity drives. In many cases, it's actually not necessary to keep all of your media on a single storage system. A smart approach to managing the large amount of data generated in a 4K workflow is to tier your storage so that you're only keeping the most active media files on your high-performance storage, and your camera masters or older projects located on or nearline or cloud and LTO storage. A tiered storage approach is especially useful if you're dealing with several stages of post-production that require a variety of file formats.
4K EditingThere are a lot of options for 4K editorial over shared storage. If you're doing multicam or have several editors working with 4K media for a variety of projects, you can choose a highly compressed codec like ProRes LT that can easily stream over 1Gb or 10Gb Ethernet. If you have fewer editors and prefer to wo
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