Jerry Springer: The history of that [bleeping] bleep soundSince Jerry Springer's death writers have been working through the cultural significance of his eponymous daytime talk show.
by The Conversation
04-05-2023 13:15
in Entertainment
Jerry Springer Photo: Getty Images.
Since Jerry Springer's death on April 27, 2023, writers have been working through the cultural significance of his eponymous daytime talk show.
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For 27 years, Springer's circus of sensationalism was a remarkably durable and bankable commodity. Helping to normalize outrageousness in culture, it taught content creators that shamelessness is a lucrative industry.
It's been framed as a harbinger of anything goes' reality television or trash TV and decried for setting a new standard for tawdriness and for providing audiences with the guilty pleasure of chair-throwing.
But as a media historian interested in the ways that sound structures our experience of TV shows and films, when I think of The Jerry Springer Show, I think of the sounds - the studio audience chanting Jerry! Jerry!, the boxing bell ringing when fists start flying, and the sonic dissonance between the heavy metal-tinged theme song and the soothing, paternal tone of its host.
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But one of its most iconic sounds was added in post-production: the 1000 hertz censor bleep, which became more prevalent as the behavior on the show grew more profane.
ALSO READ: Jerry Springer buried at a private funeral service
The origins of bleeping The history of broadcasters' bleeping out profanity reveals a lot about our culture's ongoing negotiation of a murky concept.
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While the First Amendment protects political speech, it does not protect profanity, and in 1964 the Supreme Court gave the Federal Communications Commission the authority to police language in broadcasting.
Yet using sounds to mask offensive language predates the FCC and dates back to a 1921 radio speech on Newark, New Jersey's WJZ by vaudeville actress Olga Petrova. Petrova was famous for her outspoken advocacy for feminism and birth control, and station managers worried that she might violate the 1873 Comstock Act, which prohibited the distribution of obscene materials, including information about contraception. So the radio engineers created a mechanism for masking her words with music from a phonograph when she dared speak her mind - and they ended up needing to use it several times.
By the time the FCC was established in 1934, studio engineers were regularly masking profanity, as the industry was always trying to stay one step ahead of the censors and stay in the good graces of advertisers. Further innovations, like the seven-second delay, aided the policing of live talk shows, allowing engineers to cover dirty words before they reached the audience's ears.
Just exactly who deployed the bleep tone first is unclear, but engineers had long used the 1000 hertz sine wave tone to test equipment connections, so it was at their fingertips. By the mid-1960s, the bleep tone was heard everywhere, so much so that bleeping was used in FCC deliberations as a verb to define the practice of masking profanity.
ALSO READ: Jerry Springer: 5 Surprising facts about trashy' talk-show king
Bleeping's feedback loop Yet by 1970, bleeping out words on TV news was viewed as a potential problem, with some regulators wondering if it unnecessarily tempered the way people actually behaved.
FCC chairman Dean Burch, for example, thought the commission should reconsider its use: If a man stands up and calls me a dirty son of a bitch, I wonder whether we are giving the viewer the full flavor of the news if we quote him as saying, You're a dirty bleep, bleep, bleep.'
Nonetheless, most broadcasters tended to err on the side of caution. Bleeping out profanity became so common in U.S. broadcasting that it inspired George Carlin to satirize the practice in his Seven Dirty Words You Can't Say on TV monologue.
After the FCC came down on Pacifica Radio for broadcasting the bit, Pacifica sued the FCC and the case made it to the Supreme Court, which, in its decision, granted the FCC limited power to protect the public from profanity, especially during the daytime when kids might be listening.
Afterward, bleeping became more commonplace on radio and television.
Yet for audiences yearning for counterculture programming that seemed more real, focusing attention on profanity by bleeping it created a feedback loop that made cursing - and the rebels who did it - more appealing to audiences, piquing their interest about what the bleep concealed.
At the same time, networks pushing for deregulation wanted to show that they could self-censor and that FCC oversight wasn't necessary. By the early 1980s, a new radio format based on shocking public sensibilities, the shock jock, had emerged. Radio performers like Don Imus and Howard Stern found that audiences would tune in to hear profane behavior and would return daily to see just how far the performers would go.
Industry programming followed the ratings.
ALSO READ: JUST IN: Jerry Springer, 79, has died
Springer's brand of profane realism By the time Springer's show began in 1991, a paradoxical mix of deregulation and self-censoring had settled over the industry, producing edgy shows with lots of bleeps.
Audiences experienced bleeped performances as more authentic. Provocateurs like Madonna knew cursing drew attention, and she has repeatedly used the self-promotional technique ever since her infamous spot on The Arsenio Hall Show in 1990, when she talked about giving good [bleep]. It was the highest-rated Arsenio show ever.
Springer quickly learned that booking guests who required bleeps boosted ratings.
Jerry Springer saw the show's violence and profanity as the price of reality
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Jerry Springer: The history of that [bleeping] bleep soundSince Jerry Springer's death writers have been working through the cultural significance of his eponymous daytime talk show.
