
Drones, right and audiovisual Jaime Rodr guez D ez, letrado de Diez & Romeo Abogados, analiza en esta tribuna el impacto que la legislaci n o, en muchos casos la falta de ella, puede tener sobre el uso de drones, especialmente en entornos de producci n audiovisual.
En una poca de coyuntura econ mica negativa, los medios de comunicaci n buscan servicios competitivos a precios asequibles y el uso de los drones en reportajes gr ficos es cada vez m s frecuente. Pero que son les drones? Y qu implicaci n jur dica tiene su utilizaci n?
1.- Drones y prohibiciones Son aeronaves?
La definici n que se ajusta m s a la realidad es calificar a los drones como ingenios o dispositivos voladores pilotados por control remoto. Este concepto choca con el que ha acu ado la Agencia Estatal de Seguridad A rea (AESA): aeronaves pilotadas de forma remota.
Lo que se pretende con la definici n dada por AESA es aplicar a los drones el r gimen jur dico de las aeronaves. De este modo, se justifica la prohibici n expresa del uso civil profesional y comercial de los drones articulada mediante la publicaci n en la web institucional de AESA del pasado 7 de abril de 2014. Un acto que puede ser recurrido ante los Tribunales hasta el 7 de junio.
Para acudir al concepto de aeronave nos tenemos que remontar al art culo 11 de la Ley 48/1960, de 21 de julio, de Navegaci n a rea, que se define como toda construcci n apta para el transporte de personas o cosas, capaz de moverse en la atm sfera, merced a las reacciones del aire, sea o no m s ligera que ste y tenga o no rganos motopropulsores .
Como se puede ver, los drones de uso profesional y comercial no son aptos para el transporte de personas y mercanc as. Tanto por la aptitud como por su finalidad, se encuentran diferencias id neas para no encajar en el t rmino de aeronave. Adem s una Ley de casi 54 a os dif cilmente puede ser el marco m s adecuado para respaldar una restricci n, puesto que nunca se pudo prever la regulaci n de los drones por la falta tecnolog a existente.
De este modo, los nicos Drones que hoy d a pueden ser permitidos son los destinados a un uso militar, y al uso recreativo (aeromodelos l dicos) siempre que sea practicado en zonas destinadas al aeromodelismo.
2.- Clases de Drones
En funci n de su uso, se puede hacer la siguiente clasificaci n de drones:
A.- Los destinados a uso militar por Fuerzas Armadas, que est n desarrollando m ltiples programas de investigaci n sobre los drones. De hecho, en septiembre de 2013 nuestra Defensa despleg su primer dron para combatir la pirater a en aguas de Somalia.
B.- Los utilizados para la videovigilacia por las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado, como es la vigilancia de v as p blicas y fronteras. El ejemplo m s reciente es la vigilancia con drones en la final de la Champions por la polic a portuguesa. Pero al grabar a personas surge, de nuevo, la pugna entre privacidad y seguridad.
C.- Los usados para cumplir con los servicios p blicos de las administraciones, ya sea directamente o a trav s de empresas concesionarias. Destacan entre otros:
Prevenci n y detecci n de incendios
Grabaciones de las Televisiones P blicas
Control del tr fico y de eventos p blicos
Adem s, el Ayuntamiento de Madrid dispone de 4 drones para asistir a la Polic a Municipal, Bomberos y SAMUR.
D.- Y por ltimo, los de uso comercial y profesional que realizan las empresas privadas y los particulares, como son:
Reportajes gr ficos, period sticos, de las TV Privadas, Productoras,
Planos exteriores (Productoras cinematogr ficas, etc )
Fotogrametr a
Agricultura inteligente
Reconocimiento de los lugares afectados por cat strofes naturales
3.- Una regulaci n inexistente
A d a de hoy la legislaci n espa ola no ha dado la respuesta adecuada a las innovaciones tecnol gicas de los drones. Aunque parece que se est preparando un r gimen transitorio para el pr ximo verano que estar en vigor hasta la promulgaci n definitiva del Real Decreto que desarrolle el r gimen jur dico para los drones.
Mientras tanto, prohibici n total del uso de drones para trabajos a reos con fines comerciales o profesionales. Finalidad? Evitar en Espa a lo ocurrido en EEUU con el caso Raphael Pirker, un operador que consigui anular una sanci n por usar un dron imprudentemente mientras filmaba en la Universidad de Virginia. La raz n? Que no se hab a prohibido expresamente el uso de los Drones.
Las consecuencias de la prohibici n han sido devastadoras:
Paralizaci n de la industria
Perdidas millonarias en Euros
Proyectos empresariales suspendidos
Puestos de trabajo perdidos
Y no parece que el nuevo r gimen vaya a flexibilizar razonablemente la actividad profesional con drones, ya que las pretensiones son:
Exigencia del permiso de piloto de avi n o helic ptero para manejar drones.
Necesidad de autorizar cada una de las operaciones realizadas con drones, de modo que si una Television tiene que grabar un suceso urgente deber de esperar a que la AESA resuelva sobre la petici n. Lo propio con la detecci n de incendios, ya que el dron no saldr hasta que se notifique la autorizaci n. Los expertos creen que con una Comunicaci n Previa ser a suficiente para tener un control sobre las operaciones con drones sin colapsar sus servicios.
Deber de estar inscrito en el Registro de matr cula de aeronaves y de estar en posesi n del Certificado de aeronavegabilidad. Excepto para drones con masa m xima al despegue menos de 25 Kg.
Jaime Rodr guez D ez, letrado de Diez & Romeo Abogados
Jaime Rodr guez D ez Counsel of Diez & Romeo Abogados
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